Continue reading Apple not paying off politicians might be costing them in the courts at iMore
Source: http://machash.com/imore/77914/apple-not-paying-off-politicians-might-be-costing-them-in-the-courts/
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By Tom Perry and Matt Robinson
CAIRO (Reuters) - Egypt's army-backed rulers and allies of its deposed Islamist president gave the first signs of a readiness to compromise on Saturday, pressed by Western envoys trying to head off more bloodshed.
Faced with the threat of a crackdown on supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, diplomacy appeared to pick up pace, a month to the day since Egypt's army deposed President Mohamed Mursi and plunged the country into turmoil.
Recognizing for the first time the strength of popular protest against his one-year rule, Mursi's allies said on Saturday they respected the demands of millions who took to the streets before his overthrow.
A spokesman said the Mursi camp, which has refused to abandon weeks of sit-in protests until he is reinstated, wanted a solution that would "respect all popular desires".
They told envoys from the United States and the European Union that they reject any role in a political settlement for army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, who led Mursi's ouster, and want the constitution he suspended to be restored.
"I respect and hold in regard the demands of the masses that went out on June 30, but I will not build on the military coup," spokesman Tarek El-Malt told Reuters, relaying what the pro-Mursi delegation had told the envoys.
Asked whether the delegation had insisted on Mursi's reinstatement as part of any political deal, Malt, a member of the Brotherhood-affiliated Wasat party, said it was a detail for future discussion.
But given that Mursi's opponents insist he should not be part of the political solution, Malt said, then "Sisi must also not be in the political equation".
In an interview with the Washington Post, Sisi appeared to rule out running for president himself, despite his growing popularity among some of the 84 million-strong population.
"You just can't believe that there are people who don't aspire for authority," Sisi told the interviewer when asked if he would stand for president. Asked "Is that you?", he replied: "Yes." The Post said the interview was conducted on Thursday.
The Pentagon said Sisi had assured U.S. Defence Secretary Chuck Hagel, in a telephone call, that the Egyptian authorities "were working towards a process of political reconciliation."
"SAFE EXIT"
Egypt's military has installed a transitional government and laid out a "road map" to elections in about six months. It promises a return to civilian rule, having brought down the first freely elected president after 60 years of rule by military men.
The Brotherhood, an Islamist movement that spent decades in the shadows before winning power in elections after the 2011 fall of autocrat Hosni Mubarak, had spurned the road map.
But its supporters, camped out at two sites in Cairo, face the threat of being violently dispersed by security forces who shot dead 80 of them a week ago. Almost 300 people have been killed in political violence since Mursi's overthrow, and much of the movement's leadership is in custody.
The deposed president is being held in a secret location, under investigation on a raft of charges including murder.
Diplomats say the West is pressing the Brotherhood to give up on Mursi's return, and for the military to pull back from a bid to drive the Islamists back underground.
Stepping back from an imminent threat to disperse the protesters, the Interior Ministry promised them "safe exit" and urged them to rejoin the political process. The government said on Friday it would blockade the camps, but not storm them.
"Your continued sit-ins have no legal or political use," Interior Ministry spokesman General Hany Abdel Latif said on Egyptian television. "You have a safe exit, you will be politically integrated," he said, wearing a white dress uniform.
"If you think you're upholding the Muslim Brotherhood, your safe exit from the squares will allow the group to return to its role within the democratic political process," Latif said, addressing Mursi's supporters.
"You are brainwashed, subject to psychological manipulation. You are being used as a political bargaining chip."
"CONTACTS" WITH BROTHERHOOD
U.S. Deputy Secretary of State William Burns and European Union envoy Bernadino Leon were leading the diplomatic push, meeting Mursi's allies and Egypt's interim foreign minister, Nabil Fahmy.
A Foreign Ministry statement said the government was committed to national reconciliation, including all political forces "as long as they refrain from all forms of violence and incitement to it".
Fahmy told reporters after the meeting that there had been some contact with the Brotherhood.
"I wouldn't use the word negotiation. There have been contacts between different figures. There is no desire to use force if there is any other avenue that has any potential for success," he said.
Those avenues had not yet been exhausted, he said, "but I have not seen any real return or any concrete progress, frankly".
The crisis in the Arab world's most populous country has posed a dilemma for the United States and other Western governments, which had advocated democracy following the overthrow of Mubarak in 2011 but grew increasingly uncomfortable with Mursi's Islamist leanings.
Many Egyptians shared that concern and frustration grew over Mursi's failure to solve social and economic problems.
The new interim government gained the United States' approval on Thursday when Secretary of State John Kerry said the army had been "restoring democracy" when it toppled Mursi.
Under Mubarak, Egypt was a bulwark of U.S. policy in the Middle East, not least because of its peace agreement with Israel. Mursi's overthrow had jeopardized the $1.3 billion annual military aid Egypt receives from Washington.
Analysts say civilians in the new government are trying to promote a political solution despite resistance from security services that want to crack down on the Brotherhood.
(Additional reporting by Michael Georgy and Tom Finn in Cairo, Phil Stewart in Washington; Writing by Angus MacSwan and Matt Robinson; Editing by Michael Georgy and Robin Pomeroy)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/international-envoys-meet-minister-cairo-ease-egypt-crisis-123128004.html
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Source: www.artdaily.org --- Sunday, August 04, 2013
The city of Rome from Saturday barred private vehicles from using the main road to the Colosseum in order to protect the iconic monument that has been blackened by pollution and is in a poor state. From 0300 GMT Saturday, cars, lorries and other private vehicles were barred from using the last trunk of the avenue Via dei Fori Imperiali, which links Piazza Venezia to the Roman amphitheatre. Traffic has been diverted to an adjacent route and only public transport will be allowed on the old route. The decision was taken by the new mayor of Rome, Ignazio Marino of the leftist Democratic Party, who would like eventually to make the Via dei Fori Imperiali a pedestrian area. The number of visitors to the Colosseum, the biggest ancient Roman amphitheatre ever built, has increased from a million to around six million a year over the past decade, thanks mainly to the 2000 blockbuster film "Gladiator". But it has also fallen into disrepair in recent years: bits of stone, blackened by ...
Source: http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=64178
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A digital book is displayed on an Apple Inc. iPad for a photograph in New York. (Scott Eells/Bloomberg)
Apple Inc., the world's biggest technology company, should be ordered to cancel existing agreements with five publishers after a judge's ruling that it conspired to fix prices of electronic books, the Justice Department said Friday.
The federal government and 33 states submitted the proposal in U.S. District Court in Manhattan. They called for a court-appointed antitrust compliance monitor and a requirement that Apple allow competitors to provide links from their e-book applications to their electronic bookstores.
Friday's proposal would require Apple to find a new way to do business with publishers.
"From a financial standpoint, this means nothing for Apple," John Bright, an analyst with Avondale Partners, said in an interview. "But strategically speaking it is a setback. I think Apple would now have to find different work- around solutions for pricing. They would use the same publishers but they would have to negotiate different solutions."
U.S. District Judge Denise Cote, after a nonjury trial in Manhattan, ruled July 10 against Apple. The company now faces another trial on damages. The proposal submitted today needs court approval to become effective.
"Under the department's proposed order, Apple's illegal conduct will cease and Apple and its senior executives will be prevented from conspiring to thwart competition in the future," Bill Baer, the assistant attorney general in charge of the antitrust division, said in a statement.
"The idea behind this proposal would certainly make the e- book industry more competitive," Bright said. "By definition, increased competitiveness in an industry leads to lower prices."
The U.S. sued Apple and five of the biggest publishers in April 2012, claiming that the technology company pushed publishers to allow it to sell digital copies of their books under a model that raised prices and harmed consumers.
Under that so-called agency model, publishers, not retailers, set book prices, with Apple getting 30 percent.
The publishers ? Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck's Macmillan unit, CBS's Simon & Schuster, Lagardere's Hachette Book Group, Pearson's Penguin unit and News Corp.'s HarperCollins ? settled with the government. Continued...
Under the Justice Department plan, the salary and expenses of the proposed external monitor would be paid by Apple. The person would work with an internal antitrust compliance officer who would be hired by and report to the outside directors on Apple's audit committee.
The government's proposal extends to media other than electronic books. It would prohibit Apple from entering agreements with suppliers of music, movies, TV shows and other content if those deals are likely to increase the prices at which their competitors sell them.
Tom Neumayr, a spokesman for Cupertino, Calif.-based Apple, declined to comment on the proposal.
A hearing on the proposal will be held Aug. 9.
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Source: http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2013/08/03/news/c514cfa6-bd89-4217-addd-154ef1b1975e.txt
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By Tim Molloy
NEW YORK (TheWrap.com) - "Sons of Anarchy" returns with a Season 6 premiere next month that is going to shock people. We won't say what it is, but will say this: We're very surprised the show goes where it goes.
Speaking at a Television Critics Association panel Friday, creator Kurt Sutter said he talked with FX CEO John Landgraf about the storyline, which draws from hotly debated recent events. (And that's all the description we'll give.) Landgraf is know for giving his showrunners more creative freedom than they would likely get elsewhere.
"This is a story that I've wanted to do for a while and although it's controversial I wasn't not going to tell it because of that," he told TheWrap.
Sutter is known for pushing boundaries - have you read his @sutterink tweets? - and the storyline in the September 10 episode promises to go further than ever.
"This is a story that is not being done to be sensational. I'm hoping that it's not spoiled and it's not leaked out in any capacity before the premiere, and that it is truly the catalyst for the final act of our morality play," Sutter said.
So don't Google SOA spoilers, okay? Sutter will tell the story better than that grumpy blogger can, and September 10 is just over a month away.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/tca-sons-anarchy-premiere-genuinely-shock-people-231011708.html
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The long-running trial of Wikileaks whistle-blower Pfc. Bradley Manning came to a key (if preliminary) conclusion this week, with Judge Denise Lind announcing a verdict that contained both good and bad news for Manning: He has been found innocent of the very serious charge of "aiding the enemy," but guilty of 19 other lesser counts. His sentencing for these crimes has yet to be determined. It's a situation that has captured the interest of many people but has especially meaningful implications for the tech industry (and the people who use its products), so it was a big pleasure to have Rainey Reitman stop by the TechCrunch TV studio this week to help elucidate what it all means. As the co-founder and COO of the Freedom of the Press Foundation and a full-time staffer at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Reitman has been keeping close tabs on the Manning case since Manning's leaks of classified U.S. military documents first came to light back in 2010 -- in fact, in her spare time she founded the Bradley Manning Support Network to help support Manning in his trial. There are few people more well-versed in all aspects of this subject than she.Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/cDQ6twnww9Q/
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BEVERLY HILLS, Calif. (AP) ? Kathy Bates says she's thrilled to be a regular on FX's "American Horror Story."
It's almost good enough to rid her of the bad taste from her previous stint on series TV.
Even so, she told reporters at a Television Critics Association session on Friday that she's got a bone to pick with NBC, which cancelled "Harry's Law" last season after a two-year run.
Bates said NBC "kicked us to the curb."
Things are happier on her current project, which just began shooting in New Orleans.
The Oscar-winning Bates plays Madame LaLaurie, a real-life 19th-Century Louisiana socialite and serial killer. She co-stars with Sarah Paulson, Angela Bassett and Jessica Lange, who plays a witch.
"American Horror Story: Coven" premieres in October.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/kathy-bates-happy-being-part-fxs-horror-224407096.html
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Source: http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/article/20130731/NEWS08/307310091/1002/NEWS01
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Sybrina Fulton testifies that her son Trayvon Martin is the one screaming in the background of a 911 call made the night he was shot and killed.
August 3, 2013
Trayvon Martin's parents continued their quest for justice for their slain son during an appearance in Central Florida today.
Sybrina Fulton and Tracy Martin spoke this morning at the National Association of Black Journalists Convention at the Gaylord Palms Resort in Kissimmee.
At one point, Fulton told a room filled of reporters she remains unsettled about the intense attention in the case and the behavior of some reporters.
"It's very difficult for us when you run up to us. It's invasive. It feels a little strange. We're just humans. It might be a story, It might be a good story. But this is our lives."
Fulton and Martin, along with three family attorneys, renewed their call to repeal stand-your-ground laws, a common theme in the numerous appearances they've made across the country amid controversy following the July 13 not-guilty verdict in George Zimmerman's murder trial in Sanford.
Zimmerman, a Neighborhood Watch volunteer, said he acted in self-defense when he shot the unarmed black teen, saying Trayvon attacked him.
The state and others allege Zimmerman profiled the teen.
Standing next to the parents of Trayvon Martin, attorney Benjamin Crump called "stand your ground" laws in 32 states around country ? including Florida's law ? as vague and even "dangerous."
He said the laws need to be amended so that an "initial aggressor" or a person who starts a fight, cannot kill someone and then claim self defense under the law.
"The law is very vague and very confusing," he said.
"When you are able to pick a fight and then kill the person and say it was self defense?..what message are we giving to society?"
Crump said such laws should more accurately be called: "Shoot first laws. Make My Day laws. And These Make My Day laws are encouraging people to take the law into their own hands."
Fulton also asked that the press respect her family's privacy.
Oftentimes, reporters will come up to her in a grocery story or knock on her door at her home in Miami and ask questions.
This is a developing story. Check back later for updates.
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/orlandosentinel/~3/6xo5dUOZ3wY/story01.htm
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When the NHL and NHLPA agreed to realign the league for the 2013-14 season, they conveniently left two open spots in the Western Conference divisions for possible expansion.
One of those spots could be occupied by a Seattle franchise in the near future.
According to talk show host Mitch Levy of 950 AM in Seattle, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman is reportedly exploring the idea of bringing professional hockey back to the city.
Before Seattle fans get too excited, it's important to note that there are a few significant roadblocks to overcome before the NHL makes its first foray into the Emerald City.
The biggest obstacle is the lack of a new, state-of-the-art arena that would allow an NHL franchise to be profitable. At the moment, the only stadium in Seattle for a hockey team is the aging Key Arena, which hasn't housed a pro franchise since the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City after the 2007-08 NBA season.
The problem for the NHL is that it's likely in a holding pattern while the NBA figures out what it's future?(if there's a future at all) is in Seattle, because according to Percy Allen of the Seattle Times, there has to be an NBA tenant for construction of the new downtown arena to commence.
A spokesman from the mayor?s office told the Seattle Times last week said the city wants a NHL team to play at KeyArena. He also said several potential investors have expressed interest over the years. Conceivably, KeyArena, which seats 11,000 for hockey, would be a temporary home.
Seattle has a deal in place with [investor and prospective NBA owner] Chris Hansen on a $490 million downtown arena. However, the agreement calls for a NBA team to be the primary tenant before construction begins.
Would the presence of an NHL team be enough to begin the process of new arena construction? Chris Daniels of King 5 News reported on that situation last month.
Investor Chris Hansen has indicated, in a previous interview with KING5, that he would be open to starting construction of a new arena with an NHL?team as the first tenant...A source close to the situation said Sunday it is unclear if the MOU?would need to be amended to start construction with an NHL?team first.
As for the NBA's future in Seattle, Nick Eaton of SeattlePi.com provides details on what could be next.
Expansion seems to be the preferred option for Hansen?s group, which lost its bid last month to acquire the Sacramento Kings and relocate them to Seattle. There appears to be a ?working plan? to bring the NBA back to Seattle, according to Tim Montemayor of KGO Radio in San Francisco.
Without the proposed Sonics Arena, which would be a beautiful place to watch hockey, going "all-in" by expanding to Seattle without the assurance that this new stadium would be built, is a risk not worth taking for the NHL.
Key Arena would be a suitable rink for a few years while a new stadium is built, but as a long-term building, it would be difficult for a team to maximize its profitability with only 11,000 seats and fewer modern amenities (such as luxury boxes) than newer venues. The MTS Centre in Winnipeg is the only NHL arena with a capacity of less than 16,000.?
Even if a new NHL team was able to sell out consistently in Key Arena, 11,000 fans is not going to generate huge revenue. According to Mike Ozanian of Forbes, selling tickets is crucial to financial success for NHL owners.
Among the four major team sports in North America, hockey is by far the most dependent on ticket revenue. During the 2010-11 season,?the typical NHL team relied on gate receipts for half of their revenue...Only eight teams out of 30 failed to sell at least 95% of their tickets during the 2011-12 season.
According to its website, the Sonics Arena would seat 17,500 for NHL games.
This is an artist's view of what the new arena would look like for hockey. Photo Credit: SonicsArena.com
The NHL's alleged interest in expanding to Seattle isn't a total surprise. NHL deputy commissioner Bill Daly addressed rumors surrounding the Pacific Northwest while in Vancouver last week.
I?m not sure we ever really addressed Seattle as a specific alternative in that process, but I think it?s safe to say that we?re very intrigued by the Pacific Northwest generally.
Going forward, I would expect that, to the extent expansion comes into the picture or relocation is needed, I?m sure the Pacific Northwest is going to get serious consideration.
Seattle is a great sports town. The Sounders (MLS) and Seahawks (NFL) post strong attendance numbers, and the Sonics finished in the top 15 in NBA attendance percentage in four of their final five seasons in the city, per ESPN.
There are plenty of sports fans in this region for an NHL franchise to be well supported, and the success of the WHL in Seattle and Portland helps proves that there's interest in hockey throughout the Northwest.
But the best option for the NHL is to wait on Seattle and see if the NBA awards an expansion franchise to the city because getting a brand new arena is critical to financial success.
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Nicholas Goss is an NHL Lead Writer at Bleacher Report. He was a credentialed writer at the 2011 and 2013 Stanley Cup Finals, as well as the 2013 NHL draft.
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Jacket, Jonathan Simkhai, $470; T-shirt, Junk Food Clothing, $38; jeans, Joe's, $210; shoes, Express, $59.90
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T-Shirt, Lovers and Friends, $48; shirt, Miss Me, $64; pants, Paige Denim, $239; boots, Elizabeth and James, $475; iPhone case, Rebecca Minkoff, $35
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Top, Sandro, $425; jeans, Calvin Klein Jeans, $79.50; shoes, Kate Spade New York, $328; sunglasses, Emporio Armani, $160
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Sally, 20
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History and Art History Major
Dream Job: "Lord of the Rings tour guide in New Zealand. I am a huge fantasy nerd, and living in New Zealand would be awesome."
ON SALLY: Jacket, Charlotte Ronson, $395; top, A?ropostale, $8; jeans, BlankNYC, $88; shoes, Tommy Hilfiger, $129
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ON ALYSSA: Top, Saint James, $70; skirt, Vivienne Westwood Anglomania, $380; shoes, Cole Haan, $198
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Cell- and Molecular-Biology Major
Best College Moment: "My first Mardi Gras! The New Orleans Saints had just won the Super Bowl, so the entire city was out on the streets celebrating and catching beads."
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Photos: Paul Costello
Source: http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/fashion/tulane-college-students-style?src=rss
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If you dress up like a Jedi on a day that's not October 31st (even if it is October 31st, actually), you're probably going to be branded a geek. Wear that proudly! But if you dress up like a Jedi and do parkour tricks in the freaking desert like bouncing off rocks and double backflips and triple spins all while looking like you're in a chase sequence for the next Star Wars movie, well, you're an AWESOME geek that everyone is proud of.
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Public release date: 1-Aug-2013
Share ] Contact: Daniel Fowler
pubinfo@asanet.org
202-527-7885
American Sociological Association
WASHINGTON, DC, July 30, 2013 Neither the threat of arrest nor punishment may significantly deter Mexicans from trying to enter the United States illegally, according to a new study in the August issue of the American Sociological Review.
The study examined a variety of factors economic and non-economic that may influence decisions to migrate illegally from Mexico to the U.S., and it found that people's perceptions of the certainty of arrest and the severity of punishment are not significant determinants of their intentions to migrate illegally, once other relevant factors are taken into account.
"This suggests that perhaps there is very little that immigration enforcement alone might be able to do to affect changes in people's intentions to migrate illegally," said study author Emily Ryo, a research fellow at Stanford Law School's Program in Law & Society and an assistant professor of law at the University of Southern California.
Titled, "Deciding to Cross: Norms and Economics of Unauthorized Migration," the study relies on data from the 2007 and 2008 Mexican Migration Project (MMP) and Becoming Illegal Survey (BIS). MMP is a unique source of data that enables researchers to track patterns and processes of contemporary Mexican migration to the United States. Each year, a random sample of 150 to 200 households is drawn from a selected number of communities in Mexico and interviewed during the winter months. The BIS is an individual survey of 15 to 65-year old men from these households who work or intend to work in Mexico or the U.S. in the next year. More than 1,600 men participated in the BIS.
"If you ask an average person, why are there so many unauthorized migrants in the U.S., the typical story that you might get is something like this: people are looking for better jobs, better economic opportunities for themselves and their families and our immigration enforcement just isn't tough enough to stop them; so, here they are," Ryo said. "But this conventional story misses a critical point, because economic incentives alone typically do not induce otherwise law-abiding people to violate the law. And, my study shows that unauthorized migrants are no different."
Ryo found that while cost-benefit calculations such as perceptions of job availability in Mexico and dangers of crossing the border do play a significant role in Mexicans' decisions about whether to enter the U.S. illegally, non-economic factors matter as well. "For example, perceptions about the legitimacy of U.S. legal authority, the morality of violating U.S. immigration laws, and social norms on illegal border crossings are significantly related to people's intentions to migrate illegally," she said.
According to the study, one of the strongest non-economic determinants of intentions to migrate illegally is whether people have friends or family members who have tried to cross into the U.S. illegally. "Communities with a long history and high prevalence of out-migration might have a culture of migration and, for many young men, migration can be seen as a rite of passage," Ryo said.
She also found that the odds of intending to migrate illegally were more than doubled for individuals who believed that Mexicans have a right to be in the United States without the U.S. government's permission.
Interestingly, the vast majority 78 percent of people said it is not okay to disobey the law when one disagreed with it. However, 55 percent said that disobeying the law is sometimes justified. "This study offers insights into how unauthorized migrants justify their violation of U.S. immigration law, and how such justifications might make noncompliance with this particular law possible among otherwise law-abiding individuals," Ryo said. "People generally see themselves as moral beings who want to do the right thing as they perceive it."
In a companion project in which Ryo carried out open-ended group interviews with unauthorized migrants and migrants who were about to cross the U.S.-Mexico border illegally, she found that these individuals viewed themselves as moral, law-abiding people who respected national borders, despite their violation of U.S. immigration laws. "This is because they see their decision to cross illegally as an affirmation of their moral obligation to their families to get through situations that were brought on through no fault of their own, such as a crop failure or an economic downturn in their community," Ryo said.
The American Sociological Review study, which comes at a pivotal moment for immigration as the Obama administration has vowed change on the immigration front and the U.S. Senate recently passed an immigration reform bill has important policy implications, Ryo said.
"My findings, for example, suggest that one way to reduce unauthorized migration, insofar as that is the desired goal, could be to reallocate some of our current enforcement resources to increasing our investment in employment-generating economic development of key sending communities, which might make staying at home both an economically-viable as well as a morally-acceptable option for prospective migrants," Ryo said.
Another policy implication relates to her findings on would-be unauthorized migrants' perceptions of legitimacy, or lack thereof, of the U.S. immigration system. "Again, insofar as greater compliance with the law is the goal, one way to achieve that goal in the long-run might be through enhancing perceptions of legitimacy of the U.S. immigration system," she said.
There are a number of ways in which prospective unauthorized migrants view the U.S. immigration system as not operating fairly and neutrally and, thus, functioning illegitimately, Ryo said. For example, one widespread perception is that there is racial bias. "This is not surprising given that racial profiling in immigration enforcement under certain circumstances is a legally-sanctioned practice under Fourth Amendment jurisprudence," she said. "Countering these kinds of widespread perceptions of racial bias among prospective migrants would require, at a minimum, a careful reconsideration of these kinds of racial profiling practices."
###
About the American Sociological Association and the American Sociological Review
The American Sociological Association, founded in 1905, is a non-profit membership association dedicated to serving sociologists in their work, advancing sociology as a science and profession, and promoting the contributions to and use of sociology by society. The American Sociological Review is the ASA's flagship journal.
The research article described above is available by request for members of the media. For a copy of the full study, contact Daniel Fowler, ASA's Media Relations and Public Affairs Officer, at (202) 527-7885 or pubinfo@asanet.org.
This press release was written by Marco Siragusa, ASA Office of Public Affairs and Public Information.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 1-Aug-2013 Share ] Contact: Daniel Fowler
pubinfo@asanet.org
202-527-7885
American Sociological Association
WASHINGTON, DC, July 30, 2013 Neither the threat of arrest nor punishment may significantly deter Mexicans from trying to enter the United States illegally, according to a new study in the August issue of the American Sociological Review.
The study examined a variety of factors economic and non-economic that may influence decisions to migrate illegally from Mexico to the U.S., and it found that people's perceptions of the certainty of arrest and the severity of punishment are not significant determinants of their intentions to migrate illegally, once other relevant factors are taken into account.
"This suggests that perhaps there is very little that immigration enforcement alone might be able to do to affect changes in people's intentions to migrate illegally," said study author Emily Ryo, a research fellow at Stanford Law School's Program in Law & Society and an assistant professor of law at the University of Southern California.
Titled, "Deciding to Cross: Norms and Economics of Unauthorized Migration," the study relies on data from the 2007 and 2008 Mexican Migration Project (MMP) and Becoming Illegal Survey (BIS). MMP is a unique source of data that enables researchers to track patterns and processes of contemporary Mexican migration to the United States. Each year, a random sample of 150 to 200 households is drawn from a selected number of communities in Mexico and interviewed during the winter months. The BIS is an individual survey of 15 to 65-year old men from these households who work or intend to work in Mexico or the U.S. in the next year. More than 1,600 men participated in the BIS.
"If you ask an average person, why are there so many unauthorized migrants in the U.S., the typical story that you might get is something like this: people are looking for better jobs, better economic opportunities for themselves and their families and our immigration enforcement just isn't tough enough to stop them; so, here they are," Ryo said. "But this conventional story misses a critical point, because economic incentives alone typically do not induce otherwise law-abiding people to violate the law. And, my study shows that unauthorized migrants are no different."
Ryo found that while cost-benefit calculations such as perceptions of job availability in Mexico and dangers of crossing the border do play a significant role in Mexicans' decisions about whether to enter the U.S. illegally, non-economic factors matter as well. "For example, perceptions about the legitimacy of U.S. legal authority, the morality of violating U.S. immigration laws, and social norms on illegal border crossings are significantly related to people's intentions to migrate illegally," she said.
According to the study, one of the strongest non-economic determinants of intentions to migrate illegally is whether people have friends or family members who have tried to cross into the U.S. illegally. "Communities with a long history and high prevalence of out-migration might have a culture of migration and, for many young men, migration can be seen as a rite of passage," Ryo said.
She also found that the odds of intending to migrate illegally were more than doubled for individuals who believed that Mexicans have a right to be in the United States without the U.S. government's permission.
Interestingly, the vast majority 78 percent of people said it is not okay to disobey the law when one disagreed with it. However, 55 percent said that disobeying the law is sometimes justified. "This study offers insights into how unauthorized migrants justify their violation of U.S. immigration law, and how such justifications might make noncompliance with this particular law possible among otherwise law-abiding individuals," Ryo said. "People generally see themselves as moral beings who want to do the right thing as they perceive it."
In a companion project in which Ryo carried out open-ended group interviews with unauthorized migrants and migrants who were about to cross the U.S.-Mexico border illegally, she found that these individuals viewed themselves as moral, law-abiding people who respected national borders, despite their violation of U.S. immigration laws. "This is because they see their decision to cross illegally as an affirmation of their moral obligation to their families to get through situations that were brought on through no fault of their own, such as a crop failure or an economic downturn in their community," Ryo said.
The American Sociological Review study, which comes at a pivotal moment for immigration as the Obama administration has vowed change on the immigration front and the U.S. Senate recently passed an immigration reform bill has important policy implications, Ryo said.
"My findings, for example, suggest that one way to reduce unauthorized migration, insofar as that is the desired goal, could be to reallocate some of our current enforcement resources to increasing our investment in employment-generating economic development of key sending communities, which might make staying at home both an economically-viable as well as a morally-acceptable option for prospective migrants," Ryo said.
Another policy implication relates to her findings on would-be unauthorized migrants' perceptions of legitimacy, or lack thereof, of the U.S. immigration system. "Again, insofar as greater compliance with the law is the goal, one way to achieve that goal in the long-run might be through enhancing perceptions of legitimacy of the U.S. immigration system," she said.
There are a number of ways in which prospective unauthorized migrants view the U.S. immigration system as not operating fairly and neutrally and, thus, functioning illegitimately, Ryo said. For example, one widespread perception is that there is racial bias. "This is not surprising given that racial profiling in immigration enforcement under certain circumstances is a legally-sanctioned practice under Fourth Amendment jurisprudence," she said. "Countering these kinds of widespread perceptions of racial bias among prospective migrants would require, at a minimum, a careful reconsideration of these kinds of racial profiling practices."
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About the American Sociological Association and the American Sociological Review
The American Sociological Association, founded in 1905, is a non-profit membership association dedicated to serving sociologists in their work, advancing sociology as a science and profession, and promoting the contributions to and use of sociology by society. The American Sociological Review is the ASA's flagship journal.
The research article described above is available by request for members of the media. For a copy of the full study, contact Daniel Fowler, ASA's Media Relations and Public Affairs Officer, at (202) 527-7885 or pubinfo@asanet.org.
This press release was written by Marco Siragusa, ASA Office of Public Affairs and Public Information.
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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-08/asa-toa073013.php
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